dmiguer
30 de junio de 2021
An American Dynasty
A reporter asked John Dulles if he could imagine meeting the Chinese leader in Geneva. "Not unless our automobiles collide" he replied. - John Foster Dulles, Secretary of StateA reporter asked Allen Dulles what the CIA was. "A State Department for unfriendly countries" he replied. - Allen Welsh Dulles, Director of Central IntelligenceJohn Foster and Allen Welsh Dulles were brothers born in the gilded age to a rarified clan of politicians and businessmen. The grandfather had been Secretary of State under Harrison and a broker for international trade deals. He was the first secretary to overthrow a foreign government, in Hawaii. The father was a fervent Presbyterian reverend who believed it was America's duty to enlighten heathen masses. Together with 'American Exceptionalism' their creed was to spread trade, democracy and Christ. Their uncle would become Secretary of State under Wilson during WWI. Growing up in their grandfather's Washington DC home, they dined with Carnegie, Cleveland, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.John graduated from Princeton and strings were pulled. He was hired by the law firm that created General Electric and US Steel, with robber barons JP Morgan and EH Harriman as clients. The firm backed a revolution that separated Panama from Columbia to build the canal. Passenger liner Lusitania was sunk by a German u-boat in 1915 and turned US opinion to enter the war. Their uncle was among few who knew it secretly carried ammunition to Britain; he had established a prototype intelligence agency. John rose quickly through the law firm, promoting business in Brazil, Peru and Cuba while exploiting his connections in politics and global business. When uprisings threatened clients the US Navy was sent in.Allen went to India after Princeton in 1914. En route he read Kipling's Kim, enthralled by the international spy. He joined the State Dept. for ten years until 1926. During WWI he was an intelligence agent in Switzerland and then a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, as was John. They were both enamoured with Wilson's ideals which included US business, liberty and democracy. Those principles weren't extended to colonies who promptly rose in revolt. Allen was director of the Near East Division for five years. Posted in Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean he met with Kings Abdullah and Faisal, Kemal Ataturk and TE Lawrence. He simultaneously represented both Rockefeller's Standard Oil and the US.John supported the Nazis rise to power in 1933, an outcome of work done by the brothers on boundaries and reparations in Paris. Allen was the first foreign emissary to meet Hitler. While Allen had an uneasy feeling John saw the Nazis as a bulwark against Bolshevism and his clients lent billions to Germany. The loans helped develop industries like Farben and Krupp, makers of arms and poison gas. As war spread in Europe John reluctantly conceded to his partners business was no longer feasible. It was a rare falling out with Allen. John argued for internationalism and against isolationism, guided by his religion. FDR wasn't interested in Christian imperatives, nor the British foreign office busy with war.Allen had earned a law degree in 1926 and joined the law firm where his brother was director, quickly rising to a partner. They became even more wealthy and well connected than before but Allen was less happy in the corporate world. As America entered WWII in 1941 he was asked to set up a new US intelligence agency which became the OSS. After recruiting hundreds of agents he left for Switzerland where he gathered information and aided resistance in Germany, Italy and France. The war over, Truman ended the OSS and entered the UN, sending John as the Republican delegate. With publisher Time-Life he promoted US business, world leadership, and cast the USSR as the world's greatest threat.John popularized the cold war theory that held nationalist movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America were directed from Moscow. He compared communism to the Islamic conquests, an existential threat to Christianity. Supported by the Truman Doctrine of 1947 the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were created. Allen was passed over for director by a Democrat. Truman had little patience for covert action. When he was re-elected John's hopes to become Secretary were delayed. He was made US senator in 1949 when a NY Republican became ill, but his term lasted only four months. With Truman's term nearly over John bided his time until the tides of politics turned.Allen was appointed as CIA Director and John Secretary of State when Eisenhower came to power in 1953, and interest increased for covert operations. With the brothers in charge there was no need to consult anyone but Ike. Ike imagined waging war without loss of US lives. It would not be fought with the great communist powers but against third world anti-colonialists, presumed stooges of the Kremlin. When Iran nationalized British oil and blocked Allen's clients a communist plot was claimed and prime minister Mossadegh replaced by US flunky Shah Pahlavi. As Guatemala's Arbenz threatened John's client United Fruit Company the elected government was overthrown by a CIA sponsored dictator.John believed the front line against communism was now in east Asia. Ho Chi Minh had appealed to Wilson in Paris for Vietnamese independence. Denied, he joined the Comintern. The US funded most of France's colonial war which ended in defeat. John pushed for US troops but Ike demurred. Instead puppet PM Diem was installed in 1954, setting the stage for future war. Indonesia's President Sukarno was invited to the White House in 1956. He was neutral to the great powers and visited China and Russia, infuriating his former hosts. Afraid he leaned left the CIA armed and trained an insurgent army to overthrow him but failed. In 1965 a US backed purge of communists by military dictator Suharto left a million dead.Allen made plans to depose Egypt's Gamal Nasser in 1956 but was thwarted by the botched British invasion of Suez. Nasser had shaken off UK puppet King Farouk in 1952 and accepted Soviet aid. In turn the brothers backed Saudi Arabia and Israel, plotting against Nasser in Syria and Lebanon. In 1960 the CIA schemed to poison Congo PM Lumumba who had declared independence from Belgium and wasn't pro-western business. The plan failed, but he was executed by future dictator Mobutu and Belgians. From poisoned cigars to dipilatory boots wild ways to kill Castro were conceived. John died from cancer in 1959. After the Cuban invasion of 1961 JFK pinned a medal on Allen's chest and called it quits.This book explains how US foreign policy was shaped in the 20th century by two wealthy WASPs. Their legacy has lived on. After the Soviet Union fell a new enemy was needed and presented itself in Islamic extremism. Cold war veterans Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld disrupted the middle east and created more terrorism than Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein combined. The military industry marched on but as wars ended economies suffered recessions and financial crises. Stephen Kinzer gives an interesting account of how things got done in the highest government offices and agencies. The relationship between privilege and power is nothing new. It is in fact as familiar as politics itself.Ver másVer menos
44 personas la encontraron útil
Gerard J. St. John
20 de marzo de 2014
Shane . . . Shane . . . Come Back Shane!
This book is a rollercoaster ride; it has its ups and its downs. Structured as a short (328 pages of text) joint biography, it focuses on the covert activities that were guided by the Dulles brothers in their roles as Secretary of State and as director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the 1950s. The author brings to this task the writing skills of an experienced journalist. The book is well written and highly readable.John Foster and Allen Dulles were both intelligent, but differed in personality. John Foster was hard working and serious. Allen was more sociable and somewhat unscrupulous. Both brothers became lawyers, and both joined Sullivan & Cromwell, a prominent New York law firm. With the advent of the Second World War, Allen joined the Office of Strategic Services, and Foster became a political leader in the Republican Party. When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, Allen went to work as the deputy director of operations in the Central Intelligence Agency. Foster was appointed adviser to the Secretary of State.At about this point, I began to experience substantial doubt about the validity of many of the opinions asserted by the author. Sullivan & Cromwell is repeatedly presented as a sinister entity, at odds with the best interests of the United States. I know Sullivan & Cromwell. It is a law firm – a good one. It is comprised of exceptionally talented lawyers who work hard. It is not the sinister entity pictured in this book. The international threat of communist Russia is labeled “illusory.” There was nothing illusory about the trumped up trial of Cardinal Josef Mindszenty in Hungary in the late 1940s. His face stared out at you from every newspaper and every newsreel for several years. It was our first brush with the techniques of brainwashing. But Mindszenty is not even mentioned. The movies “Shane” and “High Noon” are presented as reinforcing a cultural consensus that America was doing the right thing in its international efforts to ensure the triumph of justice. There is no mention of Solzhenitsyn or the Gulag, or any other example of Soviet communist brutality.The dust jacket states that the book asks why the United States behaves as it does in the world. The book presents an interesting analysis of the way that the Dulles brothers responded to the efforts of third-world nations that were seeking independence from established colonial powers. In particular, the author focuses on six third-world leaders that the Dulles brothers thought were “monsters:” Mossadegh, Arbenz, Ho Chi Minh, Sukarno, Lumumba, and Castro. The covert activities of the CIA against each of these monsters are described in summary fashion. The reasoning is subject to dispute, but the importance of the subject matter is obvious.This book is a good start for a review of the covert activities conducted by the CIA under the colors of the United States.
Jacob G. Hornberger
8 de octubre de 2013
A Fantastic Book!
The book is fascinating and gripping. I couldn't put it down. It goes a long way in explaining the plight in which the United States finds itself today.The book's general focus is on the actions of the CIA and the State Department during the early period of the Cold War, specifically 1947 through the late 1960s and the role that the Dulles brothers played during that period of time. John Foster Dulles was serving as Secretary of State and Allen Dulles was serving as director of the CIA. The book specifically focuses on six regime-change operations during the Dulles brothers' tenure: Iran, Guatemala, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cuba, and the Congo, including the first presidentially authorized assassinations of foreign leaders in American history.We live in a time today when many Americans exalt the national-security state. They honestly believe that if it weren't for the big standing army, the overseas military empire, the CIA, and the NSA, the United States wouldn't exist for very long. Without the national-security state, these Americans honestly believe, America would quickly fall to the communists, the terrorists, the illegal aliens, the drug dealers, or some combination thereof.They sing the praises of the troops and automatically assume that the more people they kill over there, they safer we are here at home. They glorify the CIA, even while not knowing exactly what it's doing--and, more important, not wanting to know. They like the fact that the NSA is spying on them but would prefer not knowing that it's spying on them. They simply cannot imagine living the life that our American ancestors lived for more than a century and a half before World War II --a life without a national security state.Such Americans block out of their minds the fact that a free society and a national-security state are irreconcilable. In fact, they've convinced themselves that they're free because of the national security state.Books like Kinzer's help to pierce through the falsehoods and misconceptions about the military and the CIA that grip the minds of so many Americans. The book shows how the United States veered off into a different direction after World War II, a direction involving much dark-side activity that the national-security state kept secret from the American people and which the American people, for their part, simply didn't want to know about.It was all justified under fighting the communists or, more specifically, keeping America safe and secure from America's World War II partner and ally, the Soviet Union, which supposedly was orchestrating a worldwide communist movement designed to conquer and control the entire world.There was the CIA's coup in Iran, which ousted the popular Mohammad Mossadegh from power and reinstalled the brutal dictatorial regime of the Shah. There was the CIA's ouster of the democratically elected president of Guatemala and his replacement by a brutal military dictatorship. There was the CIA's instigation of a horrific civil war in Indonesia. There was the CIA's plan to assassinate the leader of the Congo. There was the CIA's coup and the assassination of the U.S.-appointed leader of South Vietnam. There was the CIA's invasion of Cuba and repeated assassination attempts on the life of Fidel Castro.Never mind that there were other factors involved, such as the nationalization of British oil interests in Iran or the nationalization of land in Guatemala belonging to a U.S. corporation with which the Dulles brothers had close ties. And never mind that Third World rulers simply wanted to stay out of Cold War politics. What mattered was that whenever any foreign ruler didn't do what U.S. officials wanted him to do, that made his regime a Cold War enemy and, therefore, subject to regime-change, including through assassination. The mindset was "If you're not with us, then you're against us." Neutrality was out of the question.And never mind that Americans and others around the world are still suffering the horrific results of these regime-change operations. Just look at the state of U.S.-Iran relations. Or the hundreds of thousands of graves in Guatemala as a result of the civil war that the CIA's coup brought about. Or the continuous brutal U.S. embargo against Cuba. Or the families who still grieve the loss of loved ones in Vietnam and here in the United States.It was all a new direction for America, a dark direction, one that the American people had never before engaged in. And it was all justified under the rubric of "the communist threat," specifically the supposed danger that the communists were everywhere and were coming to get us and take over our country, much like we hear about the terrorists today.Why is this early period of the Cold War so relevant to today? Because the foreign policy-civil liberties woes that America faces today are rooted in that period. That's why that an understanding of that period is so critically important to understanding what we need to do to extricate ourselves from the morass in which we find ourselves. Restoring the right direction for our nation, a direction based on sound moral, economic, and legal principles, necessarily entails an examination of where American went wrong after World War II.Another great book about this period is The War State: The Cold War Origins Of The Military-Industrial Complex And The Power Elite, 1945-1963 by Michael Swanson. That book provides the best summary of the military component of the national-security state during the Cold War. If you read both books--The War State and The Brothers -- you will have an almost perfect understanding of how we got into this mess, what the mess has done to our nation, and what we need to do to get out.--Jacob Hornberger, president, The Future of Freedom Foundation
Jeff Marzano
7 de noviembre de 2015
Very Informative
I read this book as part of my ongoing research about the John Kennedy assassination. At this point I think I understand the mechanics of where the shooters were during the assassination, how many times John Kennedy was shot, etc.. But there's a more important issue which is who was ultimately behind this assassination and why did they want John Kennedy dead.Allan Dulles is a key figure in the JFK assassination for several reasons. JFK fired Dulles after the Bay Of Pigs disaster and then later Allan turned up on the Warren Commission whitewash. All the members of the Warren Commission are highly suspect but Allan in particular.This book portrays President Dwight Eisenhower as someone who was mesmerized by Allan Dulles' covert warfare methods and dirty tricks because regime change could be accomplished without starting World War III. However anyone who is interested in that historical era should listen to Eisenhower's farewell address. Whatever happened when Eisenhower was president by the time he left office he had become greatly disillusioned and distrustful of his own government which included the CIA.My thoughts about the JFK assassination and Vietnam have been greatly influenced by Fletcher Prouty's two books. Fletcher was a true CIA insider who left the Agency after the JFK assassination. Fletcher's statements about the CIA are shocking to say the least. He says it was the CIA who sabotaged the Gary Powers U2 spy plane mission to derail Eisenhower's planned peace summit with the Russians. The Agency also intentionally prevented planes from supporting the Bay Of Pigs invasion. They believed that when the invasion started to fail John Kennedy would authorize an overt American military response which I guess would have been like a declaration of war on Cuba. JFK did not panic and do this however.Fletcher Prouty felt the entire Cold War was fabricated by the CIA and the American military industrial complex. He felt there never was any real military objective in Vietnam. The goal in Vietnam was to create a protracted, open ended conflict that would last for decades and consume untold amounts of money.Stephen Kinzer takes the view that the Dulles brothers were misguided at times but they were ultimately a sort of extension of the American consciousness. Authors like Fletcher Prouty and James Douglass have a more sinister view of the CIA than what this book presents. Those authors felt the CIA had taken over the entire government and they were lying to everyone.Former presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower apparently realized much too late that there are reasons why laws in place. Once the Pandora's Box of disregarding laws was opened it became very difficult to put the lid back on. Eisenhower handed this box to John Kennedy with all the demons and evil spirits already on the loose and spreading out in all directions. John Kennedy attempted to put the lid back on.Part II of this book is entitled 'Six Monsters'. These are studies of six cases where the CIA used every dirty trick in the book to depose and even assassinate the leaders of foreign countries whose actions were not consistent with the greedy corporations in America and Europe that coveted the resources in those countries. This was all done under the banner of an epic crusade against communism.Author Stephen Kinzer could perhaps write another book called 'The Seventh Monster'. That other monster was the one the shadow government feared the most because he threatened to shut them down forever.Here's a new book about Allan Dulles which sounds interesting but I haven't read it yet:The Devil's Chessboard: Allen Dulles, the CIA, and the Rise of America's Secret GovernmentA Deeper, Darker TruthJFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. KennedyMe & Lee: How I Came to Know, Love and Lose Lee Harvey OswaldMary's Mosaic: The CIA Conspiracy to Murder John F. Kennedy, Mary Pinchot Meyer, and Their Vision for World PeaceThe Man Who Killed Kennedy: The Case Against LBJJFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It MattersOn the Trail of the Assassins: One Man's Quest to Solve the Murder of President KennedyExpendable Elite: One Soldier's Journey into Covert WarfareTop Secret/Majic: Operation Majestic-12 and the United States Government's UFO Cover-up
OLD1mIKE
17 de febrero de 2015
The Dulles Brothers. They changed History.
The Brothers, by Stephen KinzerFive Stars. Great book. Readable. Well researched, Informative. Highly recommended for someone interested in mid 20th century history or understanding the root cause of the anti-american animosity in certain parts of the world.The Dulles brothers played pivotal roles in an incredible number of historic events that shaped the 20th century. They exemplified american attitudes and beliefs of their day and were placed in positions to act on these beliefs. The book not only presents their part in history, but also helps us understand the reasoning behind their actions.I should leave the book review end with the above paragraphs, but I was originally unaware of how many key historical events of the 20th century the brothers participated in and influenced. I find it impossible not to casually speculate on their effect on history. John Foster helped write the Reparation portion of the WWI Treaty of Versailles. Some historians believe German anger over the unfairness of the reparations to be one element causing WWII. John Foster helped write the 1924 Dawes Plan that opened the door to American investment in Germany. Even in 1924 John Foster was obsessed with fighting communism. He saw a strong Germany as an effective stop gap against communistic expansion. Foster used his affiliation with Sullivan & Cromwell and his friendship with Hjalmar Schacht, Hitlers Minister of Economics, to increase American investment in Germany and its industry. Without international investment, Germany probably could not have supported it's military aspirations. Allen and the CIA was instrumental in the 1953 Iranian Coup that overthrew the democratically elected Iranian Government to install the Shaw of Iran. This action and the heavy handed governing style of the Shaw certainly led to some of the anti American resentment in the middle east today and the Iranian (Islamic) Rebellion in 1979. The Iranian Rebellion probably helped elect Ronald Reagan in 1980. In regard to Vietnam. Foster, acting as Eisenhower's Secretary of State, refused to sign the 1954 Geneva Accord. Over considerable objections, John Foster and Allen chose and installed Ngo Dinh Diem as the 1st president of the newly created Republic of South Vietnam. Diem had been a minor official in Vietnam and was Interior Minister for three months in 1933. He had not held a job since. Once in power, Allen's CIA helped keep him there. John Foster continued to support the escalation of our involvement in Vietnam until his death in 1959. Allen took a hands off approach to the Bay of Pigs operation (17 April 1961), but as the Director of the CIA, it was his responsibility. JFK fired him in November 1961. There are JFK Assassination Conspiracy Theory's that include CIA involvement. It is interesting that Lyndon Johnson personally chose Allen to be a member of the Warren Commission. Add U2 Spy Planes, Congo revolts, overthrow of South American leaders, Cuba and a host more. The policies and action of these two men changed global history and probably still effect the beliefs of many today.
Jeff
22 de mayo de 2019
What a family!
Two of the most powerful men in America during the 1950s were brothers. John Foster Dulles served as Secretary of State under Dwight Eisenhower until Foster’s his death in 1959. His brother, Allen, was the CIA director through Eisenhower’s and the first half of Kennedy’s Presidency. The two had remarkably similar paths to power. Both were Princeton graduates. Both were Presbyterian. Both had spent their civilian careers working for Sullivan and Cromwell, a New York law firm that represented major American interest overseas. Together, seeing the world through a lens of good and evil (good being capitalism and evil communism), their influence was felt around the world and has effected world politics to the present. The two worked together to overthrow a democratically elected government in Guatemala and Iran. They forced out a popular African leader in the Congo, attempted to push out the elected president of Indonesia, and moved America into Vietnam as the French were withdrawing. After Foster’s death, Allen playing this role in foreign governments as the CIA attempted to overthrow Castro in Cuba, leading to the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In addition the brothers also had a talented sister, Eleanor, who played her own role in international affairs, especially in Europe.Kinzer does a commendable job as he draws sources from across the globe to create a portrait of the Brothers at work. The two brothers were raised within the Presbyterian manse. The father was a pastor, who would later become a professor at Auburn Theological Seminary. On their mother’s side of the family, they were descended from two former Secretaries of State. Ironically, their beloved “Grandfather Foster” had been the American Secretary of State who helped overthrow another government, the Hawaiian monarchy. This allowed the American annexation of the islands. Of the two brothers, Foster settled down quickly (marrying a woman his younger brother had rejected). He lived his life devoted to her. Allen, on the other hand, was always having affairs (his wife even became friends with two of his mistresses) and his many liaisons probably included the Queen of Greece.Both brothers began their international interest in the aftermath of the Great War (World War I). In the 1930s, Foster was supportive of Germany (Sullivan and Cromwell had many German clients as well as representing American business with German interests). This led to the one time the two brothers had an open disagreement with Allen asking Foster how he could consider himself a Christian and support what the Germans were doing to the Jews. But soon, this became a moot issue as America was drawn into the war. During the war, Allen, who was always interested in covert work, headed the American spy network in Switzerland. After the war, when the OSS was disbanded, Allen was without a job. In less than a year later, the CIA was organized and he was brought on as second in charge. In the early 50s, he became its director. At the same time, his brother served as the Secretary of State.The idea of two brothers in such key roles, not to mention their legal ties to many leading international businesses, is easily seen today as clearly a conflict of interest. However, such a breach of protocol wasn’t much of an issue in the 1950s when the country felt it was in a battle between good and evil. Whatever it took to win was seen as necessary. While the Soviet Union certainly presented challenges to the Western World, new research indicates the challenge wasn’t nearly as great as it was thought to have been. Kinzer points out the blunders of both sides in Africa, where neither side understood the continent. The Soviets even sent snowplows to a country that had never experienced snow and wheat to the Congo, a country without a flour mill. Kinzer’s view is that the Brothers (and in some way, all of America) were so colored by the Cold War that they were unable to see beyond their own assumptions and thereby missed opportunities to build a more peaceful world.As divided as the Brother’s saw the world, Kinzer points out how they clearly avoided direct conflict within the Soviet and Chinese spheres. When the Romanians revolted in 1956, they watched as Soviet tanks moved in to crush the rebellion. While there was espionage behind the “Iron Curtain,” such as U-2 flights over Russia, the real battle was waged in smaller counties, many of whom attempted to remain neutral during the Cold War. The Brothers didn’t believe neutrality was possible.The strength of Kinzer’s thesis is in his research and in his accessible writing style. However, there are weaknesses within his logic and the application of his research. Several times he refers to Foster and Allen’s “missionary Calvinistic background.” Granted, Kinzer isn’t a theologian (he even confuses Princeton Seminary with Princeton University). But a bigger problem is his use of “missionary Calvinism” in a negative (almost ad hominem) manner. First of all, I am not sure what he means by this description (nor am I sure what that he knows what he means). While many Calvinists have been missionaries, some would point out that Calvinism hasn’t displayed the missionary zeal of other theologies. But more importantly, Calvinism, with its view of human depravity, may be more applicable to the situation with the Dulles brothers. The emphasis on depravity is a belief there is a stain on the soul, in the heart of all people, that’s so deep that only God can remove. Such a doctrine stands in opposition to the dual world view of good and evil. Calvinists understand that we (the human race) have fallen. There are not those who are good and those who are bad. The only one good is Jesus, the rest of us are only righteous by his actions. Because of this strong view of how we, as people, seek out own on interest instead of what God desires, Calvinists encouraged from the beginning a system of checks and balances to keep individuals from claiming too much power. Certainly, the Dulles brothers lacked a desire to have such constraints of their power. If anything, it wasn’t Calvinism that cause their blinders that kept them from seeing a more nuanced world. It was either their ignorance of Calvinistic theology or their ignoring of the teachings of their church. The complexity of the human spirit and its complicity in sin can be seen clearly in Allen. He could be noble as in challenging his brother’s support of Germany in the late 1930s while practicing serial adultery and later, approving of covert campaigns in countries striving to be neutral during the Cold War.The author also places Reinhold Niebuhr, one of America’s leading theologian during the 50s, in conflict with the Brothers. In his concluding chapter, he quotes Reinhold Niebuhr’s critique of the Brothers’ “self-righteousness” and lack of nuance in understanding right and wrong. However, I am not sure the conflict was as divided as Kinzer makes it out to be. Niebuhr is a complex man who wrote prolifically. While Niebuhr understood sin and the dangers of pride, from my understanding, he also supported America in opposition to the Soviet Union throughout the 50s. So while Niebuhr critiqued their self-assured swagger and unchecked power, he may have been supportive of their long-term goals.Despite the author’s lack of understanding theological nuances, I still recommend this book. It shows the impact American business had on foreign policy. Was the overthrow of the Guatemalan government necessary in the fight of communism or was it convenient ploy that allowed the brothers to help a former client, United Fruit? The danger of ignoring such obvious conflicts of interest is revealed throughout this book. The book demonstrates just how powerful these two men, who are mostly forgotten today, were in the 1950s. They were even able to “force” Hollywood to change movies (George Orwell’s Animal Farm and Graham Greene’s The Quiet American). In both movies, the script departed from the book in a manner that made the story fit the Cold War mentality of the 1950s. Both authors were incensed at Hollywood’s interpretation of their books.This book provides a portrait of the man for whom Washington’s International Airport is named. Having read this, I would like to read more about Foster’s children. His son, Avery, converted to the Catholic Church and became a Jesuit priest. He would go on to become an American Cardinal. His sister, Lillias, attended seminary and was one of the first women to be ordained in the Presbyterian Church in 1957. He had one other son who was a mining engineer. The family dynamics must have been fascinating. .This book speaks to our current age and our tendency to demonize our opponents. There are always dangers of seeing the world clearly divided into good and evil, especially when we see ourselves on the side of good and our enemies as always evil. While the Christian faith teaches of a cosmic battle between good and evil (God and Satan), that battle is also taking place within each of our souls, which blurs the battle lines. Furthermore, the victory within the cosmic struggle has already been won at the cross. We pervert Jesus’ teachings when we see ourselves as only good and others as only evil. The human race is much more complicated that this simplistic understanding that leads to a division between “us” and “them.” When we quickly demonize others, we risk denying the image of God instilled in us all.

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The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War

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An American Dynasty

Shane . . . Shane . . . Come Back Shane!

A Fantastic Book!

Very Informative

The Dulles Brothers. They changed History.

What a family!